工业余热跨季节储热系统优化及经济性分析

以工业余热跨季节储热用于区域供热系统为研究对象,在一个已有的1 MW工业余热系统的基础上,搭建工业余热跨季节储热系统设计方案,通过系统模拟对系统储热、取热过程进行分析。分析结果表明:工业余热跨季节储热适合长周期、大规模蓄热;储热体体积和循环流量应根据系统热源和取热装置特性进行合理匹配,在合理匹配范围内可参考系统经济性确定系统最优配置。最后,通过费用年值法分析优化后的系统经济性,分析表明工业余热跨季节储热用于区域供热成本仅略高于燃煤供热,相比燃气供热具有非常可观的经济性。     

滴定-凝胶法制备球形水凝胶吸附材料及其在废水处理中的应用

滴定-凝胶法制备球形水凝胶吸附材料具有3D倒漏斗状微观形貌结构，孔径分布宽泛，对水体中重金属、染料等污染物具有快速响应机制，已被广泛用于水处理过程研究。综述了滴制法制备球形水凝胶吸附材料的主要过程机理、水凝胶具有的特殊形貌结构及其在水处理过程中的应用，分析了球形水凝胶吸附材料在水处理应用过程中存在的问题和局限，并指出了其在水处理领域的应用前景及发展方向。     

The influence of activated carbon as an additive in anode materials for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells

The effects of activated carbon (AC) as an additive in multi-oxide nano composite LiNiCuZn–O for application as anode in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is reported. The composite was synthesized using solid state reactions method with varying content of AC in range 0.1%–0.9% for use as anode in the cell. The cell was composed of the synthesized composite as anode, LiNiCuZn–O as cathode and Samaria doped ceria (SDC) as electrolyte. The prepared composites were characterized for morphology and crystal structure by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) respectively. Furthermore, the crystallite sizes of LiNiCuZn–O and LiNiCuZn–O with AC as an additive have been found in the range from 50 nm to 70 nm. The prepared composite materials were observed porous and the porosity of the sample having 0.5% additive was found highest. The conductivity and power density of the SOFC were studied at temperature of 600 °C. The maximum value of conductivity was found as 4.79 S/cm for the composite containing 0.5% AC as measured by using 4-probe method. The maximum value of power density of the fuel cell with anode comprising of 0.5% AC along with the mentioned cathode and the electrolyte was 455 mW/cm². Therefore, out of the compositions studied, the composite comprising of LiNiCuZn–O with 0.5% AC offered best performance for anode in the cell. This oxide composite is reported as a potential candidate for use as anode in low temperature SOFCs.     

Review of composite cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications

A composite cathode exhibits low activation polarisation by spreading its electrochemically active area within its volume. Composite cathodes enable the development of high-performance electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at intermediate temperatures (600 °C – 800 °C) because of their significant role in determining the kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Few anions O²⁻ are transferred through the electrolyte component when the ORR is low, thereby lowering the reaction with cation H⁺ from an anode side to transfer electrons along the outer circuit to the cathode side to participate in ORR. The resistance to the ORR at the cathode is minimised, thereby contributing to performance degradation and efficiency loss in existing SOFCs, especially at intermediate temperatures. The suitability and compatibility of the cathode and electrolyte are crucial in the development of cathodes and electrochemical reactions. The intercomponent compatibility is important to ensure the robustness and durability of SOFCs, especially at an operating temperature around 800 °C, at which the components experience extreme thermal and mechanical stresses. Composite cathodes are used to improve cathode performance. These composite cathodes help enhance the properties of mixed electronic–ionic conductors and the intercomponent compatibility. Herein, we reviewed historical data of composite-cathode development for SOFCs, including its basic principle and criteria. The overall performance of as-synthesised composite cathodes in terms of microstructure, electrochemical reaction and intercomponent compatibility is briefly discussed.     

金川集团化工厂铜冶炼烟气制酸中温位余热回收

阐述金川集团化工厂530 kt/a铜冶炼烟气制酸系统扩能改造和余热回收前存在的问题,在遵循尽可能保留现有工艺管线和保证余热高效回收的原则上对转化工艺进行改造完善,将转化流程由原设计的“3+1/Ⅳ.Ⅰ-Ⅲ.Ⅱ”四段转化改为“3+2/Ⅴ.Ⅰ-Ⅲ.Ⅱ.Ⅳ”五段转化工艺流程,研发适合冶炼烟气制酸系统的分离型热管余热回收工艺技术.生产实践证明,该工艺在确保转化热平衡的基础上提升转化率,优化系统工艺技术指标,实现回收转化中温位富余热量生产饱和蒸汽,保证制酸系统与铜冶炼系统的匹配化生产,节能减排效益可观.     

Starch: a potential substrate for biohydrogen production

Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier with great potential to be an alternative fuel. Anaerobic hydrogen fermentation seems to be more favorable, since hydrogen is yielded at high rates and various organic waste and wastewater enriched with carbohydrates as substrate result in low cost for hydrogen production. Abundant biomass from various industries could be a source for biohydrogen production where combination of waste treatment and energy production would be an advantage. Carbohydrate‐rich nitrogen‐deficient solid wastes such as starch residues can be used for hydrogen production by using suitable bioprocess technologies. Alternatively, converting biomass into gaseous fuels, such as biohydrogen, is possibly the most efficient way to use these agroindustrial residues. This review summarizes the potential of starch agroindustrial residues as a substrate for biohydrogen production. Types of potential starch agroindustrial residues, recent developments and bio‐processing conditions for biohydrogen production will be discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Glass waste as supplementary cementing materials: The effects of glass chemical composition

Sustainable cements containing 25 wt% of different types of recycled glass have been investigated as a supplementary cementing material in order to highlight the role of glass chemical composition during the hardening process. Glass formers, stabilizers and modifiers regulate the glass dissolution in the alkaline environment during cement hydration. As a consequence, pozzolanic reaction and/or alkali–silica reaction are strictly related to the glass chemical composition. The mechanical and microstructure characterizations of mortar samples containing glass blended cements and un-reactive aggregates allow to determine which oxides in the glass have to be carefully monitored to avoid deleterious reactions.     

环己酮废碱焚烧运行成本模拟方法及应用

通过反平衡法计算废碱焚烧炉热效率、产汽量及可变成本,建立了废碱焚烧运行成本模型,并计算分析了可变成本与燃料类型、组成、投碱量、尾气含氧量等因素的关联性。结果表明:随着混合燃料中干气比例提高,可变成本下降;仅使用辅助燃料渣油时,随着渣油量增加,可变成本不断增加,并出现加速拐点,急速增加;仅使用干气作辅助燃料时,随着干气量增加,投碱量减少,可变成本不断降低,并出现加速拐点,急速下降;随着尾气含氧量增加,锅炉的燃烧效率不断下降,可变成本不断增高;针对干气充足、干气不充足以及全部使用燃料油时,提出了相应的经济运行模式,并将其应用于指导生产,经济效益明显。     

Plasma gasification of the medical waste

In terms of infection control in hospitals, especially the Covid-19 pandemic that we are living in, it has revealed the necessity of proper disposal of medical waste. The increasing amount of medical waste with the pandemic is straining the capacity of incineration facilities or storage areas. Converting this waste to energy with gasification technologies instead of incineration is also important for sustainability. This study investigates the gasification characteristics of the medical waste in a novel updraft plasma gasifier with numerical simulations in the presence of the plasma reactions. Three different medical waste samples, chosen according to the carbon content and five different equivalence ratios (ER) ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 are considered in the simulations to compare the effects of different chemical compositions and waste feeding rates on hydrogen (H₂) content and syngas production. The outlet properties of a 10 kW microwave air plasma generator are used to define the plasma inlet in the numerical model and the air flow rate is held constant for all cases. Results showed that the maximum H₂ production can be obtained with ER = 0.1 for all waste samples.     

Catalytic biohydrogen production from organic waste materials: A literature review and bibliometric analysis

Global population growth and accelerated urbanisation have resulted in massive amounts of fossil fuel use and waste production. Because of its high energy content, pure nature, and fuel quality, hydrogen fuel is a viable option to fossil fuels. Biohydrogen from agricultural waste, in particular, piques concern because it generates hydrogen while still disposing of waste. This review conducted a bibliometric analysis of biohydrogen production from organic waste to trace the research trends and hotspots based on the literature in the Web of Science (WOS) database from 1970 to 2020. The present review article also focuses on highlighting various processes for converting organic waste into hydrogen, raw materials for biohydrogen production, and catalysts that could distil the latest perceptions that could shed light on a route advancing for successful catalyst design. It also seems that some intentions have been paid on studying waste materials such as pure polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides. Among all the catalysts used, non-noble and low-cost active metals over reduced graphene oxide (rGO) support can significantly affect the activity of fermentative hydrogen production from organic waste materials. However, researches focusing on developing anaerobic membrane bioreactors for these technologies are still needed.